Sains Malaysiana 54(1)(2025): 187-197

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5401-15

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content of 22 Sabah Traditional Rice Varieties

(Aktiviti Antioksidan, Jumlah Fenol dan Jumlah Kandungan Flavonoid 22 Varieti Nasi Tradisi Sabah)

FUI FUI LEM¹, CHIA HOW YEN^2,3, JOANNA LING SIAW JING⁴, DAVID DEVINA⁴, SU NA CHIN^5,6 & FONG TYNG CHEE ^4,*

¹Scientific Research Society of Sabah (SeReS), Lot 2, Ground Floor, Block A, Lorong Grace Square, Jalan Pantai, Sembulan, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
² Clinical Research Center, Hospital Queen Elizabeth ll, Lorong Bersatu, Off Jalan Damai Luyang, 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
³Clinical Research Center, Institute for Clinical Research, National Institute of Health, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13 Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
⁴Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag No 3, 90509 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
⁵Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
⁶University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom

Diserahkan: 16 Oktober 2024/Diterima: 2 November 2024

Abstract

Studies have demonstrated that the traditional rice cultivated in Sabah, East Malaysia, exhibits substantial genetic diversity and is renowned for its outstanding nutritional content. However, there are limited studies to ascertain the antioxidant activity and composition of biochemical substances in it. The present study evaluates the antioxidant properties of 22 Sabah Traditional Rice varieties, which are classified into pigmented and non-pigmented types. An analysis was performed on 22 Sabah Traditional Rice varieties to determine their Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and DPPH assay. In addition, a metabolic profiling analysis was performed on biochemical substances extracted from a specific rice variety, Beras Perang, which is known for its high levels of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. It was observed that pigmented rice possesses high phenolic content, namely Beras Perang and Baragang Merah (semi-polished), with values ranging from 1.300±0.004 to 1.967±0.019 mg GAE/g. For TFC results, Beras Perang, Masuri Hitam and Tadong Biasa (unpolished) showed higher abundance (1.000±0.001, 0.888±0.001 and 0.793±0.003 mg QE/g), respectively. The antioxidant assay results indicate that three varieties, namely Baragang Merah (92.832± 0.651%), Beras Perang (91.916± 0.331%), and Rongguol (91.965± 0.515%) have antioxidant levels exceeding 90%. Beras Perang has the greatest levels of TPC, TFC, and antioxidants. In metabolic profile analysis, Beras Perang contains a specific form of linoleic acid (12-oxo-10Z-octadecenoic acid) which is not present in the negative control. In conclusion, Sabah Traditional Rice exhibits a highly promising antioxidant activity, over 90%, making it a potential candidate for further development as an alternative superfood.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity; nutritional value; Sabah traditional rice; total flavonoid content (TFC); total phenolic content (TPC)

Abstrak

Kajian terdahulu menunjukkan padi tradisi yang ditanam di Sabah, Malaysia Timur, menunjukkan kepelbagaian genetik yang tinggi dan terkenal dengan kandungan nutrisi yang luar biasa. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian aktiviti antioksidan dan komposisi bahan biokimia di dalamnya adalah terhad. Kajian ini menilai sifat antioksidan 22 jenis Beras Tradisi Sabah, yang mana dikelaskan kepada jenis berpigmen dan tidak berpigmen. Analisis ke atas 22 varieti Beras Tradisi Sabah dijalankan bagi menentukan Jumlah Kandungan Fenol (TPC), Jumlah Kandungan Flavonoid (TFC) dan ujian DPPH. Di samping itu, analisis pemprofilan metabolik dilakukan ke atas bahan biokimia yang diekstrak daripada varieti beras tertentu yang dipanggil Beras Perang, yang terkenal dengan tahap TPC, TFC dan aktiviti antioksidan yang tinggi. Adalah diperhatikan bahawa beras berpigmen, iaitu Beras Perang dan Baragang Merah (separuh giling), mempunyai kandungan fenol yang tinggi dengan nilai antara 1.300±0.004 hingga 1.967±0.019 mg GAE/g. Bagi keputusan TFC, Beras Perang, Masuri Hitam dan Tadong Biasa (tidak digiling) menunjukkan kelimpahan yang lebih tinggi (1.000±0.001, 0.888±0.001 dan 0.793±0.003 mg QE/g). Keputusan ujian antioksidan pula menunjukkan tiga varieti iaitu Baragang Merah (92.832± 0.651%), Beras Perang (91.916± 0.331%) dan Rongguol (91.965± 0.515%) mempunyai tahap antioksidan melebihi 90%. Beras Perang mempunyai tahap TPC, TFC dan antioksidan yang paling tinggi. Dalam analisis profil metabolik, Beras Perang mengandungi bentuk asid linoleik khusus (asid 12-oxo-10Z-oktadesenoik) yang tidak terdapat dalam kawalan negatif. Kesimpulannya, Beras Tradisi Sabah menunjukkan aktiviti antioksidan yang sangat tinggi dengan nilai melebihi 90%, menjadikan ia berpotensi untuk dibangunkan sebagai makanan super alternatif.

Kata kunci: Aktiviti antioksidan; beras tradisi Sabah; jumlah kandungan fenol (TPC); jumlah kandungan flavonoid (TFC); nilai pemakanan

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: ftchee@ums.edu.my